Drilled well: Groundwater extraction; independent of rainfall timing but depends on local aquifer access.
Rainwater harvesting and storage: Collects roof runoff; simple and low-tech, but supply varies with rainfall and needs treatment before drinking. Roof surface accumulates dust, pollen, and bird
Spring capture: Where a natural spring exists on-site; often gravity-fed with no pumping required.
Manual/hand-operated well pump: Hand-operated lift or force pump drawing from a well or borehole without electricity, lower flow rate and more physical effort than a powered pump, but keeps wa
Rope pump (manual, low-cost well pump): A loop of rope threaded with rubber/plastic washers, pulled up through a length of pipe by a hand crank, lifting water to the surface, cheaper and more field-re
Hydraulic ram pump (belier hydraulique): Uses the kinetic energy and water-hammer effect of a continuously flowing source (stream, river, spring with sufficient fall) to lift a fraction of that flow to
Fog collector (cloud net): A vertical mesh net (UV-resistant agricultural shade cloth) strung taut between two posts intercepts suspended fog droplets, which run down the mesh into a gutt
Mains water connection: Potable water supplied by the public network, arriving already pressurised and already treated to drinking standard. Needs no on-site energy, storage or treatme